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a03a35 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:20:37 1 
IIP Homework n°1
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> **Homework** **n°1** **:** **HydraulicTurbines** *Letourneau* *Lyana*
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> */* *2021257413*
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>
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> *Itegration* *and* *Intensification* *of* *Process*
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Introduction
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I will complete the page on hydraulic turbines, I will refresh or
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complete the data on the page.
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And focusing my research and additions on tidal turbines. And finally I
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will also add a section on hydraulics inPortugal.
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HydraulicsTurbines
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**Hydroelectricity** **in** **the** **history** **and** **in** **the**
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**world**
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The use of hydraulic turbines began a long time before hydroelectricity:
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the first watermills appeared in the 1st century, between Greece and
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Turkey, before reaching the Roman and ChineseEmpires in the 3rd century.
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Ahydraulic turbine is a rotating machine that produces mechanical energy
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from moving water, in lakes, rivers or with the tide. So it is a machine
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that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into
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mechanical work. It is the essential component of hydroelectric power
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stations intended to produce electricity from a flow of water.
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Subsequently, its use was adapted to directly drive machines in
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factories until they were practically used only to drive electric
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generators.
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Hydroelectric energy is one of the oldest sources of electricity
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production, and therefore is very technologically developed. It is today
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by farthe leadingrenewable electrical energy, producing nearly
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83%ofrenewable electricity and 16% of global energy in the world.
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Hydroelectricity is not the “out of date” science that we imagine.
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Today, hydraulic machines are high-tech objects that must meet
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increasingly stringent performance constraints. \[1\]
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459d06 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:25:49 42
![](./daetkwsb.png)
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> *Figure* *1:* *Global* *Energy* *Mix* *in* *2019*
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> [*<u>link</u>*](https://powertechresearch.com/competing-during-transformation-how-private-equity-firms-are-utilizing-market-research-in-energy-sector/)
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**Constitution** **and** **Operating** **Principles**
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The water present in a tank located at a higher level (with more energy)
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is circulated to a lower level (with less energy) passing through a set
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of curved blades, nozzles or injectors that transform this energy from
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the water into movement of a rotor,removingenergyand speed from the
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water. These blades can be staticor fixed on therotor, both being
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adjustable so that the flowand power generated can be controlled,
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according to the rotation speed. For its part, the rotoris supported
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axially by thrust and counter thrust bearings and radially by guide
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bearings.
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The pipe normally has a final diameter greater than the initial one, in
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order to promote the exit of water with a lower velocity \[2\].
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To better understand how a turbine works, consider a Francis turbine,
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illustrated in this video:
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[<u>video</u>](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0F-9HciA-A)
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**Types** **of** **turbines**
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Different types of turbines are developed to extract mechanical energy
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from hydraulic energy to generate electricity. They are severalwaysto
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classify turbines, but a common way isto classify with the mode ofenergy
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exchange between the water and the turbines. \[1\]
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*Impulse* *Turbines*
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If the turbine wheel is driven by the kinetic energy of the fluid that
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strikes the turbine blades through the nozzle or otherwise, the turbine
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is known as an impulse turbine.
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> These types of turbines are usually suitable for high head and low
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> flow rates.
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*Reaction* *Turbines*
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If the sum of potential and kinetic energy of water which are due to the
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pressure and velocity, respectively cause the turbine blades to rotate,
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the turbine is classified as a reaction turbine. In these types of
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turbines, all the turbine is immersed in water and changes in water
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pressure with the kinetic energy of the water cause power exchange.
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> Those turbines are usually at lower heads and higher flow rates than
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> impulse turbines.
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>
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002c04 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:29:44 96
![](./bv1mzvrb.png)
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style="width:1.53153in;height:1.30417in" />![](./p42poq4i.png)
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style="width:1.63125in;height:1.61736in" />![](./sb3nj3cs.png)
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style="width:1.42639in;height:1.42778in" />![](./kmnbgey1.png)
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style="width:1.80069in;height:1.81069in" />![](./vmu4ssqb.png)
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style="width:1.75333in;height:1.21667in" />![](./xxgyca5s.png)
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style="width:1.49653in;height:1.5875in" />![](./kkknlexu.png)
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a03a35 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:20:37 107
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> *Table* *1* *:* *Types* *of* *turbine*
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**Choice** **of** **Turbine** **Type**
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Each type of turbine has its advantages depending on the operating
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conditions, and the main objective is always to use the equipment that
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presents the best efficiency for the place where it is installed.
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Furthermore, the choice of turbine type is also influenced by the
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turbine speed, that is, by the number of revolutions per minute of the
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generator driven by theturbine.It isalso worthnotingthat theturbines can
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be mountedin different positions,with theaxisvertical, horizontal or
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even inclined to the vertical in order to satisfy the requirements of
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generated power, water level and space limitations.
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![](./foo0ysbp.png)
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a03a35 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:20:37 124
> *Figure* *2* *:* *Turbine* *application* *chart*
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> [*<u>link</u>*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine)
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The specific speed of a turbine is given by the manufacturers, and
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refers to the point of maximum efficiency, it is the best parameter to
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choose a turbine when conditions of flow and head are established. This
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allows accurate calculations of turbine performance for a range of head
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and flow rates. It can be defined as the speed of an ideal similar
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turbine that would produce one unit of power for one unit of head.
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459d06 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:25:49 134
![](./3jbcgoym.png)
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a03a35 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:20:37 136
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IIP Homework n°1 with :
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Ω: angular velocity (rad/s) P: power (W)
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The efficiency of a turbine is given by the ratio between the mechanical
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power provided by the turbine and the existing power in the fluid,
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provided by the hydraulic energy, depending on several variables:
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> • Flow
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>
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> • Existing losses • Turbine power • Manufacturer • Mounting shaft •
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> Among others
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However, hydraulic and mechanical losses are the main causes for the low
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efficiencies in these equipment, and the efficiency of each equipment
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must be maximized according to the conditions in which it will operate
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(flow and losses). The typical efficiencies at which a turbine operates
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vary between 80% and 95%, depending on the flow rate as you can see on
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graphs identical to the one shown in Figure 2 \[3\].
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**Advantages** **of** **Using** **Hydraulic** **Energy**
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> • Hydraulic energy, a renewable energy source, is a “clean” energy,
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> because it does not pollute the air and water like power plants that
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> use fossil fuels as a source of energy;
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>
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> • Hydraulic energy is available when it is needed, and engineers can
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> control water flows through turbines to produce electricity;
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>
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> • Hydraulic power stations create large reservoirs (dams) that
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> contribute to the supply of water for public access and flood control;
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>
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> • Energy production involves low costs;
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>
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> • They work for decades with little maintenance, not requiring much
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> investment to be maintained \[4\].
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**Disadvantages** **of** **Using** **Hydraulic** **Energy**
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> • Hydraulic power stations can be affected in times of drought and
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> cannot produce electricity.
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>
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> • The new hydraulic power stations impact the local environment,
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> destroying ecosystems.
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>
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> • Fish populations can be affected, as they can no longer migrate
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> upstream to spawn, or downstream to go to the ocean \[4\].
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**Tidal** **Turbines**
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From the end of the 19th century, some scientists had the idea of using
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the mechanical energy of ocean currents, but it is only since the
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beginning of the 21st century that this source of energy has begun to be
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studied more seriously: And tidal turbines were born.
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IIP Homework n°1
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Tidal energy is often compared to wind energy because of its appearance
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and mode of operation: Concretely, a tidal turbine is composed with a
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rotor, this is the rotating part, with a propeller made up of blades,
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with a diameter between 10 and 20 m, all mounted on a shaft/stator, the
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fixed part. \[5\]
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The installation of a tidal turbine can be carried out:
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> • On a mast or on a tripod which allows the tidal turbine to be placed
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> on the seabed.
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> • If the tidal turbine is placed facing an average sea current of 2.5
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> m/s, i.e. 5 knots, because the tidal turbine operates at full power
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> from 4 knots.
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> • If the tidal turbine has a current interception surface of around
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> 300 meters.
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The operation of a tidal turbine can be broken down as follows:
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> 1\. The sea current causes the rotation of the blades of the
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> propeller, drives a turbine which generates a mechanical movement. The
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> turbine in both directions of the sea current.
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>
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> 2\. The rotation of the turbine drives an alternator, which will
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> convert mechanical energy into electricity. 3. This electricity in the
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> form of alternating current is then transported by cables to the
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> surface.
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>
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> 4\. The current is then transformed by a converter to be sent to the
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> electrical network.
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> *Table* *2* *:* *Tidal* *turbines* *advantages* *and* *limits* *\[6\]*
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**Au** **Portugal**
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In 2019, Portugal had 7,193 MW of hydroelectric power plants, i.e. 2.9%
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of European hydroelectric installed capacity and 0.5% of the world
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total, 19.1% of the country's total electricity production. Its
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production reached 10.6 TWh, or 1.6% of the European total, far behind
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Norway (125.8 TWh), France (63.6 TWh) or Spain (26.4 TWh).
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In March 2018, renewable energies produced 100% of electricity
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consumption, including 55% for hydroelectricity in Portugal. \[7\]
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459d06 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:25:49 251
![](./mzmejbn4.png)
a03a35 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:20:37 252
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> *Figure* *3* *:* *Portugal* *renewable* *electricity* *productio*[*n*
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> *<u>link</u>*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal)
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Hydroelectric power stations in the country:
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> • The Frades II (780 MW) and Foz Tua (270 MW) pumped storage power
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> plants were comissioned in 2017. The Frade II project is one of the
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> main pumped storage projects in Europe. This project was added to the
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> cascade of hydroelectric works Cavado-Rabagao, in the north of the
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> country.
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>
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> • The Alqueva dam in the Alentejo created the largest artificial lake
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> in Western Europe and was one of the country's biggest investments.
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> This hydroelectric plant, commissioned in 2004, had a power of 518 MW
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> in 2013.
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>
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> • The Aguieira dam, on the Mondego river, was commissioned in 1981, it
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> has an installed capacity of 270 MW with 3 groups of reversible
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> Francis turbines.
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> • The Douro hydroelectric development has 6 power stations with a
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> total installed capacity of 3,161 MW. The most important is that of
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> the Aldeadávila dam, inaugurated in 1963, it has a power of 1,140 MW.
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> It is the most powerful power plant in Spain and Portugal.
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>
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> • On December 19, 2019, EDP and Engie sign launch the construction of
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> six dams. These six dams, with a total capacity of 1.7 GW, are now in
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> the Douro Valley. EDP therefore remains the leader in hydroelectric
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> energy in Portugal with a market share of 65% in the country.
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![](./jdmkn1bv.png)![](./fretrb0i.png)
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a03a35 João Lopes 2025-03-13 12:20:37 285
*Picture* *1* *:* *The* *Alqueva* *dam* *in* *the* *Alentejo* *(* *518*
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*MW)* *Picture* *2* *:* *The* *Aldeadávila* *dam* *in* *the* *Duoro*
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*(1* *140* *MW)*
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IIP Homework n°1
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**Some** **Hydraulic** **Turbine** **Manufacturers**
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There are several manufacturers of hydraulic turbines, namely Voith,
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Hacker, HISA, Watec-Hydro e.K., among many others that can be found on
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the following website: [<u>Manufacturers of Hydraulic
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Turbines</u>.](https://www.industrystock.es/es/empresas/Tecnolog%C3%ADas-de-accionamiento/Tecnolog%C3%ADas-de-turbinas/Turbinas-hidr%C3%A1ulicas)
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**References** Hydraulic Turbine :
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[<u>\[1\]</u>](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine)
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[<u>\[2\]</u>](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_hidr%C3%A1ulica)
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\[3\] [<u>Tipos de
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Turbina</u>](http://www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com/Arquivos/turb_hidro.php)
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\[4\] [<u>Vantagens e Desvantagens da Energia
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Hidráulica</u>](http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/19bHydropowerAdvantagesandDisadvantages.pdf)
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\[5\] [<u>Tidal
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turbines</u>](https://www.encyclopedie-energie.org/les-hydroliennes/)
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\[6\] [<u>Tidal Turbines
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historic</u>](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolienne#Historique)
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\[7\] [<u>Hydraulic in
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Portugal</u>](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_stations_in_Portugal)
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