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2025-03-13 11:04:06 João Lopes: Added attachment(s): input.md.
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@@ 1,194 1,323 @@
- > ***Permutador*** ***de*** ***calor*** ***de*** ***placas***
- > *Guilherme* *Pereira,* *António*
- > *Murta*<img src="./puuuzrhw.png"
- > style="width:1.32418in;height:0.60625in" /><img src="./cievhrj3.png"
- > style="width:3.34125in;height:2.49653in" />
+ IIP Homework n°1
- *Integração* *e* *Intensificação* *de* *Processos* *27* *de* *fevereiro*
- *de* *2024*
-
- > **Tarefa** **1** **–** **Permutadores** **de** **calor** **de**
- > **placas**
- >
- > **<u>Introdução:</u>**
- >
- > Os permutadores são aparelhos industriais utilizados para transferir
- > calor entre dois fluidos diferentesa temperaturasdistintas. A
- > maioriadestesdispositivosé montado em processos de fabrico, de maneira
- > a aquecer ou arrefecer os fluidos que circulam nas suas correntes.
- >
- > Existem diversostipos de permutadores, sendo que os mais consensuais
- > são os de double pipe, carcaça e tubos e os de placas. A diferença
- > entre eles prevalece na sua forma e funcionamento, enquanto que os
- > permutadores de calor double pipe são compostos por dois tubos
- > concêntricosem que um dos fluidos se faz escoar pelo tubo interno e o
- > outro se escoa pelo tubo que o rodeia, os de carcaça e tubos são
- > compostos por uma carcaça que envolve inúmeros tubos, onde um dos
- > fluidos se faz escoar pelo interior dos tubos e o outro entre os tubos
- > e a carcaça.
- >
- > Os permutadores de placas (PHE, plate heat exchanger) são equipamentos
- > que, como o nome indica, são constituídospor placas enrugadas onde os
- > diferentesfluidoscirculam e é nestas onde ocorre a transferênciade
- > calor. A transferênciade calor é possível porque o material de que as
- > placas são feitas tem uma elevada condutividadetérmica. Habitualmente,
- > são constituídos por placas de aço inoxidável, titânio ou outro tipo
- > de metais que sejam resistentes à corrosão. \[1\]
- >
- > **Figura** **1-** Esquema representativo do funcionamento de
- > permutadores de calor de placas. \[2\]
- >
- > De acordo com o que está retratado na Figura 1, é possível perceber
- > que as placas onde circulam os dois fluidos, quente e frio, estão
- > alternadas, potenciando a transferência de calor.
- >
- > Há vários tipos de permutadores de calor de placas, entre eles: \[3\]
- > o PHE com junta;
- >
- > o PHE com pratos semi-soldados;
- >
- > o PHE com pratos totalmente soldados o PHE com pratos de grafite.
+ > **Homework** **n°1** **:** **HydraulicTurbines** *Letourneau* *Lyana*
+ > */* *2021257413*
>
+ > *Itegration* *and* *Intensification* *of* *Process*
+
+ Introduction
+
+ I will complete the page on hydraulic turbines, I will refresh or
+ complete the data on the page.
+
+ And focusing my research and additions on tidal turbines. And finally I
+ will also add a section on hydraulics inPortugal.
+
+ HydraulicsTurbines
+
+ **Hydroelectricity** **in** **the** **history** **and** **in** **the**
+ **world**
+
+ The use of hydraulic turbines began a long time before hydroelectricity:
+ the first watermills appeared in the 1st century, between Greece and
+ Turkey, before reaching the Roman and ChineseEmpires in the 3rd century.
+ Ahydraulic turbine is a rotating machine that produces mechanical energy
+ from moving water, in lakes, rivers or with the tide. So it is a machine
+ that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into
+ mechanical work. It is the essential component of hydroelectric power
+ stations intended to produce electricity from a flow of water.
+ Subsequently, its use was adapted to directly drive machines in
+ factories until they were practically used only to drive electric
+ generators.
+
+ Hydroelectric energy is one of the oldest sources of electricity
+ production, and therefore is very technologically developed. It is today
+ by farthe leadingrenewable electrical energy, producing nearly
+ 83%ofrenewable electricity and 16% of global energy in the world.
+ Hydroelectricity is not the “out of date” science that we imagine.
+ Today, hydraulic machines are high-tech objects that must meet
+ increasingly stringent performance constraints. \[1\]
+
> 1
- >
- > ***Permutador*** ***de*** ***calor*** ***de*** ***placas***
- > *Guilherme* *Pereira,* *António*
- > *Murta*<img src="./0agirgzl.png"
- > style="width:1.32418in;height:0.60625in" />
- *Integração* *e* *Intensificação* *de* *Processos* *27* *de* *fevereiro*
- *de* *2024*
+ <img src="./daetkwsb.png"
+ style="width:4.11986in;height:2.47361in" />IIP Homework n°1
- > **<u>Vantagens e Desvantagens:</u>**
- >
- > Os PHE devido à sua elevada eficiência térmica apresentam várias
- > vantagens relativamenteaosoutros tipos de permutadoresde calor, no
- > entanto tambémapresentam algumas desvantagens, nomeadamente no que
- > toca ao uso intensivo nas juntas de vedação.
- >
- > <u>Vantagens:</u>
- >
- > • A sua maior vantagemé a forma como podem ser montados, desmontadose
- > armazenados facilmente, uma vez que são placas e tubos que se
- > compactam. Isto permite uma limpeza e manutenção rápida e eficaz.
- >
- > • Para coeficientes de transferência de calor elevados, este tipo de
- > permutadores tem um tamanho reduzido quando comparado com outros. Para
- > além disso, é menos pesado e volumoso que um permutador de carcaça e
- > tubos, o que permite um custo de transporte mais acessível e barato.
- >
- > • O coeficiente de transferência entre as placas é tão elevado que
- > permite obter diferenças de temperaturamínimas(até 1ºC) entre os
- > fluidos em estudo. Para ajudar a este facto, os fluidos são colocados
- > em contracorrente o que resulta numa recuperação de mais de 90% do
- > calor disponível. \[3\]
- >
- > • Não existe a possibilidade de contaminação de fluidos, uma vez que
- > cada fluido está confinado a canais entre placas seladas.
- >
- > • Outra grande mais valia é o facto de se poder combinar facilmente
- > diversos tipos de placas e diferentesfluidos, de forma a otimizar as
- > condições de operação do processo e tamanho da planta fabril.
- >
- > <u>Desvantagens:</u>
- >
- > • Este tipo de permutador de calor não pode operar a pressões
- > superiores a 1,5MPa, visto que provoca fugas nos vedantes. \[4\]
- >
- > • Para temperaturas acima dos 150ºC no fluido não se pode utilizar os
- > vedantes tradicionais, pois estes corroem e perdem a sua função
- > elástica de vedante.
- >
- > • É possível que a demasiada fricção entre placas crie fugas e se
- > perca fluido, apesar de não acontecer por norma.
- >
- > • A grande desvantagem dos permutadores de calor de placas implica o
- > dimensionamento destes equipamentos, uma vez que para os restantes
- > existem na literatura modelos genéricos de fácil compreensão, para
- > estes equipamentos cada fabricante tem os seus modelos específicos,
- > dificultando assim, o projeto da máquina e, por consequência do
- > processo.
- >
- > **<u>Aplicações:</u>**
- >
- > • Indústria alimentar – Pasteurização, esterilização e aquecimento
- > geral de alimentos • Marinha – Arrefecimento de motores e/ou sistemas
- > hidráulicos
- >
- > • Sistemas de Energia Renovável – Aquecimento geotérmico e sistemas
- > térmicos solares • Indústria farmacêutica
- >
- > • Sistemas AVAC – aquecimento e ar condicionado
+ > *Figure* *1:* *Global* *Energy* *Mix* *in* *2019*
+ > [*<u>link</u>*](https://powertechresearch.com/competing-during-transformation-how-private-equity-firms-are-utilizing-market-research-in-energy-sector/)
+
+ **Constitution** **and** **Operating** **Principles**
+
+ The water present in a tank located at a higher level (with more energy)
+ is circulated to a lower level (with less energy) passing through a set
+ of curved blades, nozzles or injectors that transform this energy from
+ the water into movement of a rotor,removingenergyand speed from the
+ water. These blades can be staticor fixed on therotor, both being
+ adjustable so that the flowand power generated can be controlled,
+ according to the rotation speed. For its part, the rotoris supported
+ axially by thrust and counter thrust bearings and radially by guide
+ bearings.
+
+ The pipe normally has a final diameter greater than the initial one, in
+ order to promote the exit of water with a lower velocity \[2\].
+
+ To better understand how a turbine works, consider a Francis turbine,
+ illustrated in this video:
+
+ [<u>video</u>](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0F-9HciA-A)
+
+ **Types** **of** **turbines**
+
+ Different types of turbines are developed to extract mechanical energy
+ from hydraulic energy to generate electricity. They are severalwaysto
+ classify turbines, but a common way isto classify with the mode ofenergy
+ exchange between the water and the turbines. \[1\]
+
+ *Impulse* *Turbines*
+
+ If the turbine wheel is driven by the kinetic energy of the fluid that
+ strikes the turbine blades through the nozzle or otherwise, the turbine
+ is known as an impulse turbine.
+
+ > These types of turbines are usually suitable for high head and low
+ > flow rates.
+
+ *Reaction* *Turbines*
+
+ If the sum of potential and kinetic energy of water which are due to the
+ pressure and velocity, respectively cause the turbine blades to rotate,
+ the turbine is classified as a reaction turbine. In these types of
+ turbines, all the turbine is immersed in water and changes in water
+ pressure with the kinetic energy of the water cause power exchange.
+
+ > Those turbines are usually at lower heads and higher flow rates than
+ > impulse turbines.
>
> 2
- >
- > ***Permutador*** ***de*** ***calor*** ***de*** ***placas***
- > *Guilherme* *Pereira,* *António*
- > *Murta*<img src="./2cds4fvj.png"
- > style="width:1.32418in;height:0.60625in" />
- *Integração* *e* *Intensificação* *de* *Processos* *27* *de* *fevereiro*
- *de* *2024*
+ <img src="./bv1mzvrb.png"
+ style="width:1.53153in;height:1.30417in" /><img src="./p42poq4i.png"
+ style="width:1.63125in;height:1.61736in" /><img src="./sb3nj3cs.png"
+ style="width:1.42639in;height:1.42778in" /><img src="./kmnbgey1.png"
+ style="width:1.80069in;height:1.81069in" /><img src="./vmu4ssqb.png"
+ style="width:1.75333in;height:1.21667in" /><img src="./xxgyca5s.png"
+ style="width:1.49653in;height:1.5875in" />IIP Homework n°1
- > **<u>Conceitos térmicos:</u>**
- >
- > A par dos outros tipos de permutadores de calor a transferência de
- > calor dá-se da mesma maneira, ou seja, por convecção onde a energia é
- > transferida do fluido mais quente para o mais frio.
- >
- > Para estimar a energia transferida é utilizado o balanço energético
- > global ao permutador, dado por:
- >
- > 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(∆𝑇)𝑚𝑙 (1)
+ > 3
+
+ <img src="./kkknlexu.png"
+ style="width:2.11458in;height:1.73958in" />IIP Homework
+ n°1<img src="./foo0ysbp.png"
+ style="width:4.84055in;height:3.69444in" /><img src="./3jbcgoym.png"
+ style="width:1.15753in;height:0.64583in" />
+
+ > *Table* *1* *:* *Types* *of* *turbine*
+
+ **Choice** **of** **Turbine** **Type**
+
+ Each type of turbine has its advantages depending on the operating
+ conditions, and the main objective is always to use the equipment that
+ presents the best efficiency for the place where it is installed.
+ Furthermore, the choice of turbine type is also influenced by the
+ turbine speed, that is, by the number of revolutions per minute of the
+ generator driven by theturbine.It isalso worthnotingthat theturbines can
+ be mountedin different positions,with theaxisvertical, horizontal or
+ even inclined to the vertical in order to satisfy the requirements of
+ generated power, water level and space limitations.
+
+ > *Figure* *2* *:* *Turbine* *application* *chart*
+ > [*<u>link</u>*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine)
+
+ The specific speed of a turbine is given by the manufacturers, and
+ refers to the point of maximum efficiency, it is the best parameter to
+ choose a turbine when conditions of flow and head are established. This
+ allows accurate calculations of turbine performance for a range of head
+ and flow rates. It can be defined as the speed of an ideal similar
+ turbine that would produce one unit of power for one unit of head.
+
+ > 4
+
+ IIP Homework n°1 with :
+
+ Ω: angular velocity (rad/s) P: power (W)
+
+ The efficiency of a turbine is given by the ratio between the mechanical
+ power provided by the turbine and the existing power in the fluid,
+ provided by the hydraulic energy, depending on several variables:
+
+ > • Flow
>
- > onde U é o coeficiente global de transferência de calor, Aé a área de
- > transferência de calor e (∆𝑇)𝑚𝑙 a média logarítmica da diferença de
- > temperaturas.
+ > • Existing losses • Turbine power • Manufacturer • Mounting shaft •
+ > Among others
+
+ However, hydraulic and mechanical losses are the main causes for the low
+ efficiencies in these equipment, and the efficiency of each equipment
+ must be maximized according to the conditions in which it will operate
+ (flow and losses). The typical efficiencies at which a turbine operates
+ vary between 80% and 95%, depending on the flow rate as you can see on
+ graphs identical to the one shown in Figure 2 \[3\].
+
+ **Advantages** **of** **Using** **Hydraulic** **Energy**
+
+ > • Hydraulic energy, a renewable energy source, is a “clean” energy,
+ > because it does not pollute the air and water like power plants that
+ > use fossil fuels as a source of energy;
>
- > Outra equação importante é a que nos permite calcular a quantidade de
- > calor transferida entre os dois fluidos, que é dada por:
+ > • Hydraulic energy is available when it is needed, and engineers can
+ > control water flows through turbines to produce electricity;
>
- > 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝∆𝑇 (2)
+ > • Hydraulic power stations create large reservoirs (dams) that
+ > contribute to the supply of water for public access and flood control;
>
- > onde 𝑚 é o caudal mássico, 𝑐𝑝 o calor específico e ∆𝑇 a variação da
- > temperatura do fluido.
+ > • Energy production involves low costs;
>
- > Por fim para determinaro coeficienteglobalde transferênciade calor é
- > utilizada equação dada por:
+ > • They work for decades with little maintenance, not requiring much
+ > investment to be maintained \[4\].
+
+ **Disadvantages** **of** **Using** **Hydraulic** **Energy**
+
+ > • Hydraulic power stations can be affected in times of drought and
+ > cannot produce electricity.
>
- > 1 1 𝑟 ln(𝑟𝑖) 𝑟
+ > • The new hydraulic power stations impact the local environment,
+ > destroying ecosystems.
>
- > 𝑈 ℎ0 𝑘 𝑟×ℎ𝑖
+ > • Fish populations can be affected, as they can no longer migrate
+ > upstream to spawn, or downstream to go to the ocean \[4\].
- \(3\)
+ **Tidal** **Turbines**
- > onde ℎ0 e ℎ𝑖 são os coeficientes de transferência de calor por
- > convecção dos dois fluidos, 𝑟 e 𝑟 são os raios que definem a espessura
- > da placa e 𝑘 é a condutividade térmica. \[5\]
- >
- > **<u>Referências Bibliográficas:</u>**
+ From the end of the 19th century, some scientists had the idea of using
+ the mechanical energy of ocean currents, but it is only since the
+ beginning of the 21st century that this source of energy has begun to be
+ studied more seriously: And tidal turbines were born.
- \[1\] – Meirinho Guerreiro, Paulo., *Avaliação* *do* *desempenho* *de*
- *permutadores* *de* *calor* *de* *placas* *nos* *laboratóriosda*
- *ARSOPI-THERMAL.* *Dissertação* *de* *Mestrado,*Universidadedo Porto,
- 2017
+ > 5
- > \[2\] – Vapor para La Industria., *Permutadores* *de* *calor* *de*
- > *placas:* *Quais* *são* *os* *seus* *tipos* *e* *funcionalidades?*
- > \[online\]
- >
- > Disponível
- > em[:<u>https://vaporparalaindustria.com/pt/intercambiadores-de-calor-de-placas-cuales-son-sus-tipos-y-funcionalidades/</u>](https://vaporparalaindustria.com/pt/intercambiadores-de-calor-de-placas-cuales-son-sus-tipos-y-funcionalidades/)
- > (consultado em 27/02/2024)
+ IIP Homework n°1
+
+ Tidal energy is often compared to wind energy because of its appearance
+ and mode of operation: Concretely, a tidal turbine is composed with a
+ rotor, this is the rotating part, with a propeller made up of blades,
+ with a diameter between 10 and 20 m, all mounted on a shaft/stator, the
+ fixed part. \[5\]
+
+ The installation of a tidal turbine can be carried out:
+
+ > • On a mast or on a tripod which allows the tidal turbine to be placed
+ > on the seabed.
>
- > \[3\] – Wang, L., B. Sundén, and R.M Manglik, *Plate* *Heat*
- > *Exchangers:* *Design,* *Applications* *and* *performance*. WIT Press,
- > 2007.
+ > • If the tidal turbine is placed facing an average sea current of 2.5
+ > m/s, i.e. 5 knots, because the tidal turbine operates at full power
+ > from 4 knots.
>
- > \[4\] – Hesselgreaves, J.E., *Compact* *Heat* *Exchangers* *–*
- > *Selection,* *Design* *and* *Operation*. Pergamon, 2001.
+ > • If the tidal turbine has a current interception surface of around
+ > 300 meters.
+
+ The operation of a tidal turbine can be broken down as follows:
+
+ > 1\. The sea current causes the rotation of the blades of the
+ > propeller, drives a turbine which generates a mechanical movement. The
+ > turbine in both directions of the sea current.
>
- > \[5\] – Apontamentos de Fenómenos de Transferência II, docente Maria
- > Graça Carvalho, 2020/2021.
+ > 2\. The rotation of the turbine drives an alternator, which will
+ > convert mechanical energy into electricity. 3. This electricity in the
+ > form of alternating current is then transported by cables to the
+ > surface.
>
- > 3
+ > 4\. The current is then transformed by a converter to be sent to the
+ > electrical network.
+
+ ||
+ ||
+ ||
+ ||
+ ||
+ ||
+
+ > *Table* *2* *:* *Tidal* *turbines* *advantages* *and* *limits* *\[6\]*
+
+ **Au** **Portugal**
+
+ In 2019, Portugal had 7,193 MW of hydroelectric power plants, i.e. 2.9%
+ of European hydroelectric installed capacity and 0.5% of the world
+ total, 19.1% of the country's total electricity production. Its
+ production reached 10.6 TWh, or 1.6% of the European total, far behind
+ Norway (125.8 TWh), France (63.6 TWh) or Spain (26.4 TWh).
+
+ In March 2018, renewable energies produced 100% of electricity
+ consumption, including 55% for hydroelectricity in Portugal. \[7\]
+
+ > 6
+
+ <img src="./mzmejbn4.png"
+ style="width:4.11528in;height:3.59569in" />IIP Homework
+ n°1<img src="./jdmkn1bv.png"
+ style="width:2.44278in;height:1.82431in" /><img src="./fretrb0i.png"
+ style="width:1.94514in;height:1.91667in" />
+
+ > *Figure* *3* *:* *Portugal* *renewable* *electricity* *productio*[*n*
+ > *<u>link</u>*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal)
+
+ Hydroelectric power stations in the country:
+
+ > • The Frades II (780 MW) and Foz Tua (270 MW) pumped storage power
+ > plants were comissioned in 2017. The Frade II project is one of the
+ > main pumped storage projects in Europe. This project was added to the
+ > cascade of hydroelectric works Cavado-Rabagao, in the north of the
+ > country.
+ >
+ > • The Alqueva dam in the Alentejo created the largest artificial lake
+ > in Western Europe and was one of the country's biggest investments.
+ > This hydroelectric plant, commissioned in 2004, had a power of 518 MW
+ > in 2013.
+ >
+ > • The Aguieira dam, on the Mondego river, was commissioned in 1981, it
+ > has an installed capacity of 270 MW with 3 groups of reversible
+ > Francis turbines.
+ >
+ > • The Douro hydroelectric development has 6 power stations with a
+ > total installed capacity of 3,161 MW. The most important is that of
+ > the Aldeadávila dam, inaugurated in 1963, it has a power of 1,140 MW.
+ > It is the most powerful power plant in Spain and Portugal.
+ >
+ > • On December 19, 2019, EDP and Engie sign launch the construction of
+ > six dams. These six dams, with a total capacity of 1.7 GW, are now in
+ > the Douro Valley. EDP therefore remains the leader in hydroelectric
+ > energy in Portugal with a market share of 65% in the country.
+
+ *Picture* *1* *:* *The* *Alqueva* *dam* *in* *the* *Alentejo* *(* *518*
+ *MW)* *Picture* *2* *:* *The* *Aldeadávila* *dam* *in* *the* *Duoro*
+ *(1* *140* *MW)*
+
+ > 7
+
+ IIP Homework n°1
+
+ **Some** **Hydraulic** **Turbine** **Manufacturers**
+
+ There are several manufacturers of hydraulic turbines, namely Voith,
+ Hacker, HISA, Watec-Hydro e.K., among many others that can be found on
+ the following website: [<u>Manufacturers of Hydraulic
+ Turbines</u>.](https://www.industrystock.es/es/empresas/Tecnolog%C3%ADas-de-accionamiento/Tecnolog%C3%ADas-de-turbinas/Turbinas-hidr%C3%A1ulicas)
+
+ **References** Hydraulic Turbine :
+ [<u>\[1\]</u>](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine)
+ [<u>\[2\]</u>](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_hidr%C3%A1ulica)
+
+ \[3\] [<u>Tipos de
+ Turbina</u>](http://www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com/Arquivos/turb_hidro.php)
+
+ \[4\] [<u>Vantagens e Desvantagens da Energia
+ Hidráulica</u>](http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/19bHydropowerAdvantagesandDisadvantages.pdf)
+
+ \[5\] [<u>Tidal
+ turbines</u>](https://www.encyclopedie-energie.org/les-hydroliennes/)
+
+ \[6\] [<u>Tidal Turbines
+ historic</u>](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolienne#Historique)
+
+ \[7\] [<u>Hydraulic in
+ Portugal</u>](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_stations_in_Portugal)
+
+ > 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9