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| + | IIP Homework n°1 |
| + | |
| + | > **Homework** **n°1** **:** **HydraulicTurbines** *Letourneau* *Lyana* |
| + | > */* *2021257413* |
| + | > |
| + | > *Itegration* *and* *Intensification* *of* *Process* |
| + | |
| + | Introduction |
| + | |
| + | I will complete the page on hydraulic turbines, I will refresh or |
| + | complete the data on the page. |
| + | |
| + | And focusing my research and additions on tidal turbines. And finally I |
| + | will also add a section on hydraulics inPortugal. |
| + | |
| + | HydraulicsTurbines |
| + | |
| + | **Hydroelectricity** **in** **the** **history** **and** **in** **the** |
| + | **world** |
| + | |
| + | The use of hydraulic turbines began a long time before hydroelectricity: |
| + | the first watermills appeared in the 1st century, between Greece and |
| + | Turkey, before reaching the Roman and ChineseEmpires in the 3rd century. |
| + | Ahydraulic turbine is a rotating machine that produces mechanical energy |
| + | from moving water, in lakes, rivers or with the tide. So it is a machine |
| + | that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into |
| + | mechanical work. It is the essential component of hydroelectric power |
| + | stations intended to produce electricity from a flow of water. |
| + | Subsequently, its use was adapted to directly drive machines in |
| + | factories until they were practically used only to drive electric |
| + | generators. |
| + | |
| + | Hydroelectric energy is one of the oldest sources of electricity |
| + | production, and therefore is very technologically developed. It is today |
| + | by farthe leadingrenewable electrical energy, producing nearly |
| + | 83%ofrenewable electricity and 16% of global energy in the world. |
| + | Hydroelectricity is not the “out of date” science that we imagine. |
| + | Today, hydraulic machines are high-tech objects that must meet |
| + | increasingly stringent performance constraints. \[1\] |
| + | |
| + | > 1 |
| + | |
| + | <img src="./daetkwsb.png" |
| + | style="width:4.11986in;height:2.47361in" />IIP Homework n°1 |
| + | |
| + | > *Figure* *1:* *Global* *Energy* *Mix* *in* *2019* |
| + | > [*<u>link</u>*](https://powertechresearch.com/competing-during-transformation-how-private-equity-firms-are-utilizing-market-research-in-energy-sector/) |
| + | |
| + | **Constitution** **and** **Operating** **Principles** |
| + | |
| + | The water present in a tank located at a higher level (with more energy) |
| + | is circulated to a lower level (with less energy) passing through a set |
| + | of curved blades, nozzles or injectors that transform this energy from |
| + | the water into movement of a rotor,removingenergyand speed from the |
| + | water. These blades can be staticor fixed on therotor, both being |
| + | adjustable so that the flowand power generated can be controlled, |
| + | according to the rotation speed. For its part, the rotoris supported |
| + | axially by thrust and counter thrust bearings and radially by guide |
| + | bearings. |
| + | |
| + | The pipe normally has a final diameter greater than the initial one, in |
| + | order to promote the exit of water with a lower velocity \[2\]. |
| + | |
| + | To better understand how a turbine works, consider a Francis turbine, |
| + | illustrated in this video: |
| + | |
| + | [<u>video</u>](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0F-9HciA-A) |
| + | |
| + | **Types** **of** **turbines** |
| + | |
| + | Different types of turbines are developed to extract mechanical energy |
| + | from hydraulic energy to generate electricity. They are severalwaysto |
| + | classify turbines, but a common way isto classify with the mode ofenergy |
| + | exchange between the water and the turbines. \[1\] |
| + | |
| + | *Impulse* *Turbines* |
| + | |
| + | If the turbine wheel is driven by the kinetic energy of the fluid that |
| + | strikes the turbine blades through the nozzle or otherwise, the turbine |
| + | is known as an impulse turbine. |
| + | |
| + | > These types of turbines are usually suitable for high head and low |
| + | > flow rates. |
| + | |
| + | *Reaction* *Turbines* |
| + | |
| + | If the sum of potential and kinetic energy of water which are due to the |
| + | pressure and velocity, respectively cause the turbine blades to rotate, |
| + | the turbine is classified as a reaction turbine. In these types of |
| + | turbines, all the turbine is immersed in water and changes in water |
| + | pressure with the kinetic energy of the water cause power exchange. |
| + | |
| + | > Those turbines are usually at lower heads and higher flow rates than |
| + | > impulse turbines. |
| + | > |
| + | > 2 |
| + | |
| + | <img src="./bv1mzvrb.png" |
| + | style="width:1.53153in;height:1.30417in" /><img src="./p42poq4i.png" |
| + | style="width:1.63125in;height:1.61736in" /><img src="./sb3nj3cs.png" |
| + | style="width:1.42639in;height:1.42778in" /><img src="./kmnbgey1.png" |
| + | style="width:1.80069in;height:1.81069in" /><img src="./vmu4ssqb.png" |
| + | style="width:1.75333in;height:1.21667in" /><img src="./xxgyca5s.png" |
| + | style="width:1.49653in;height:1.5875in" />IIP Homework n°1 |
| + | |
| + | > 3 |
| + | |
| + | <img src="./kkknlexu.png" |
| + | style="width:2.11458in;height:1.73958in" />IIP Homework |
| + | n°1<img src="./foo0ysbp.png" |
| + | style="width:4.84055in;height:3.69444in" /><img src="./3jbcgoym.png" |
| + | style="width:1.15753in;height:0.64583in" /> |
| + | |
| + | > *Table* *1* *:* *Types* *of* *turbine* |
| + | |
| + | **Choice** **of** **Turbine** **Type** |
| + | |
| + | Each type of turbine has its advantages depending on the operating |
| + | conditions, and the main objective is always to use the equipment that |
| + | presents the best efficiency for the place where it is installed. |
| + | Furthermore, the choice of turbine type is also influenced by the |
| + | turbine speed, that is, by the number of revolutions per minute of the |
| + | generator driven by theturbine.It isalso worthnotingthat theturbines can |
| + | be mountedin different positions,with theaxisvertical, horizontal or |
| + | even inclined to the vertical in order to satisfy the requirements of |
| + | generated power, water level and space limitations. |
| + | |
| + | > *Figure* *2* *:* *Turbine* *application* *chart* |
| + | > [*<u>link</u>*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine) |
| + | |
| + | The specific speed of a turbine is given by the manufacturers, and |
| + | refers to the point of maximum efficiency, it is the best parameter to |
| + | choose a turbine when conditions of flow and head are established. This |
| + | allows accurate calculations of turbine performance for a range of head |
| + | and flow rates. It can be defined as the speed of an ideal similar |
| + | turbine that would produce one unit of power for one unit of head. |
| + | |
| + | > 4 |
| + | |
| + | IIP Homework n°1 with : |
| + | |
| + | Ω: angular velocity (rad/s) P: power (W) |
| + | |
| + | The efficiency of a turbine is given by the ratio between the mechanical |
| + | power provided by the turbine and the existing power in the fluid, |
| + | provided by the hydraulic energy, depending on several variables: |
| + | |
| + | > • Flow |
| + | > |
| + | > • Existing losses • Turbine power • Manufacturer • Mounting shaft • |
| + | > Among others |
| + | |
| + | However, hydraulic and mechanical losses are the main causes for the low |
| + | efficiencies in these equipment, and the efficiency of each equipment |
| + | must be maximized according to the conditions in which it will operate |
| + | (flow and losses). The typical efficiencies at which a turbine operates |
| + | vary between 80% and 95%, depending on the flow rate as you can see on |
| + | graphs identical to the one shown in Figure 2 \[3\]. |
| + | |
| + | **Advantages** **of** **Using** **Hydraulic** **Energy** |
| + | |
| + | > • Hydraulic energy, a renewable energy source, is a “clean” energy, |
| + | > because it does not pollute the air and water like power plants that |
| + | > use fossil fuels as a source of energy; |
| + | > |
| + | > • Hydraulic energy is available when it is needed, and engineers can |
| + | > control water flows through turbines to produce electricity; |
| + | > |
| + | > • Hydraulic power stations create large reservoirs (dams) that |
| + | > contribute to the supply of water for public access and flood control; |
| + | > |
| + | > • Energy production involves low costs; |
| + | > |
| + | > • They work for decades with little maintenance, not requiring much |
| + | > investment to be maintained \[4\]. |
| + | |
| + | **Disadvantages** **of** **Using** **Hydraulic** **Energy** |
| + | |
| + | > • Hydraulic power stations can be affected in times of drought and |
| + | > cannot produce electricity. |
| + | > |
| + | > • The new hydraulic power stations impact the local environment, |
| + | > destroying ecosystems. |
| + | > |
| + | > • Fish populations can be affected, as they can no longer migrate |
| + | > upstream to spawn, or downstream to go to the ocean \[4\]. |
| + | |
| + | **Tidal** **Turbines** |
| + | |
| + | From the end of the 19th century, some scientists had the idea of using |
| + | the mechanical energy of ocean currents, but it is only since the |
| + | beginning of the 21st century that this source of energy has begun to be |
| + | studied more seriously: And tidal turbines were born. |
| + | |
| + | > 5 |
| + | |
| + | IIP Homework n°1 |
| + | |
| + | Tidal energy is often compared to wind energy because of its appearance |
| + | and mode of operation: Concretely, a tidal turbine is composed with a |
| + | rotor, this is the rotating part, with a propeller made up of blades, |
| + | with a diameter between 10 and 20 m, all mounted on a shaft/stator, the |
| + | fixed part. \[5\] |
| + | |
| + | The installation of a tidal turbine can be carried out: |
| + | |
| + | > • On a mast or on a tripod which allows the tidal turbine to be placed |
| + | > on the seabed. |
| + | > |
| + | > • If the tidal turbine is placed facing an average sea current of 2.5 |
| + | > m/s, i.e. 5 knots, because the tidal turbine operates at full power |
| + | > from 4 knots. |
| + | > |
| + | > • If the tidal turbine has a current interception surface of around |
| + | > 300 meters. |
| + | |
| + | The operation of a tidal turbine can be broken down as follows: |
| + | |
| + | > 1\. The sea current causes the rotation of the blades of the |
| + | > propeller, drives a turbine which generates a mechanical movement. The |
| + | > turbine in both directions of the sea current. |
| + | > |
| + | > 2\. The rotation of the turbine drives an alternator, which will |
| + | > convert mechanical energy into electricity. 3. This electricity in the |
| + | > form of alternating current is then transported by cables to the |
| + | > surface. |
| + | > |
| + | > 4\. The current is then transformed by a converter to be sent to the |
| + | > electrical network. |
| + | |
| + | || |
| + | || |
| + | || |
| + | || |
| + | || |
| + | || |
| + | |
| + | > *Table* *2* *:* *Tidal* *turbines* *advantages* *and* *limits* *\[6\]* |
| + | |
| + | **Au** **Portugal** |
| + | |
| + | In 2019, Portugal had 7,193 MW of hydroelectric power plants, i.e. 2.9% |
| + | of European hydroelectric installed capacity and 0.5% of the world |
| + | total, 19.1% of the country's total electricity production. Its |
| + | production reached 10.6 TWh, or 1.6% of the European total, far behind |
| + | Norway (125.8 TWh), France (63.6 TWh) or Spain (26.4 TWh). |
| + | |
| + | In March 2018, renewable energies produced 100% of electricity |
| + | consumption, including 55% for hydroelectricity in Portugal. \[7\] |
| + | |
| + | > 6 |
| + | |
| + | <img src="./mzmejbn4.png" |
| + | style="width:4.11528in;height:3.59569in" />IIP Homework |
| + | n°1<img src="./jdmkn1bv.png" |
| + | style="width:2.44278in;height:1.82431in" /><img src="./fretrb0i.png" |
| + | style="width:1.94514in;height:1.91667in" /> |
| + | |
| + | > *Figure* *3* *:* *Portugal* *renewable* *electricity* *productio*[*n* |
| + | > *<u>link</u>*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal) |
| + | |
| + | Hydroelectric power stations in the country: |
| + | |
| + | > • The Frades II (780 MW) and Foz Tua (270 MW) pumped storage power |
| + | > plants were comissioned in 2017. The Frade II project is one of the |
| + | > main pumped storage projects in Europe. This project was added to the |
| + | > cascade of hydroelectric works Cavado-Rabagao, in the north of the |
| + | > country. |
| + | > |
| + | > • The Alqueva dam in the Alentejo created the largest artificial lake |
| + | > in Western Europe and was one of the country's biggest investments. |
| + | > This hydroelectric plant, commissioned in 2004, had a power of 518 MW |
| + | > in 2013. |
| + | > |
| + | > • The Aguieira dam, on the Mondego river, was commissioned in 1981, it |
| + | > has an installed capacity of 270 MW with 3 groups of reversible |
| + | > Francis turbines. |
| + | > |
| + | > • The Douro hydroelectric development has 6 power stations with a |
| + | > total installed capacity of 3,161 MW. The most important is that of |
| + | > the Aldeadávila dam, inaugurated in 1963, it has a power of 1,140 MW. |
| + | > It is the most powerful power plant in Spain and Portugal. |
| + | > |
| + | > • On December 19, 2019, EDP and Engie sign launch the construction of |
| + | > six dams. These six dams, with a total capacity of 1.7 GW, are now in |
| + | > the Douro Valley. EDP therefore remains the leader in hydroelectric |
| + | > energy in Portugal with a market share of 65% in the country. |
| + | |
| + | *Picture* *1* *:* *The* *Alqueva* *dam* *in* *the* *Alentejo* *(* *518* |
| + | *MW)* *Picture* *2* *:* *The* *Aldeadávila* *dam* *in* *the* *Duoro* |
| + | *(1* *140* *MW)* |
| + | |
| + | > 7 |
| + | |
| + | IIP Homework n°1 |
| + | |
| + | **Some** **Hydraulic** **Turbine** **Manufacturers** |
| + | |
| + | There are several manufacturers of hydraulic turbines, namely Voith, |
| + | Hacker, HISA, Watec-Hydro e.K., among many others that can be found on |
| + | the following website: [<u>Manufacturers of Hydraulic |
| + | Turbines</u>.](https://www.industrystock.es/es/empresas/Tecnolog%C3%ADas-de-accionamiento/Tecnolog%C3%ADas-de-turbinas/Turbinas-hidr%C3%A1ulicas) |
| + | |
| + | **References** Hydraulic Turbine : |
| + | [<u>\[1\]</u>](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine) |
| + | [<u>\[2\]</u>](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_hidr%C3%A1ulica) |
| + | |
| + | \[3\] [<u>Tipos de |
| + | Turbina</u>](http://www.antonioguilherme.web.br.com/Arquivos/turb_hidro.php) |
| + | |
| + | \[4\] [<u>Vantagens e Desvantagens da Energia |
| + | Hidráulica</u>](http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/19bHydropowerAdvantagesandDisadvantages.pdf) |
| + | |
| + | \[5\] [<u>Tidal |
| + | turbines</u>](https://www.encyclopedie-energie.org/les-hydroliennes/) |
| + | |
| + | \[6\] [<u>Tidal Turbines |
| + | historic</u>](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolienne#Historique) |
| + | |
| + | \[7\] [<u>Hydraulic in |
| + | Portugal</u>](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_stations_in_Portugal) |
| + | |
| + | > 8 |